Vela Mathematics Program: problems

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Problem ledger

declared falsifiableerdos:106

f(n)

is the maximum total side length of

n

interior-disjoint squares packed in the unit square, is

f(k^2 + 1) = k

? An exact rational configuration packs

17

squares with total side length greater than

4

, refuting the identity at

k = 4

geometryN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:131

Let

F(N)

be the maximal size of

A\subseteq\{1,\ldots,N\}

such that no

a\in A

divides the sum of any nonempty subset of

A\setminus\{a\}

. Estimate

F(N)

. The lower bound

F(N)\gg N^{1/5}

is classical, from constructions of Erdős and Csaba, and every non-dividing set is non-averaging, which gave

F(N)\leq N^{1/4+o(1)}

. The claimed new result is the matching upper bound

F(N)\leq N^{1/5+o(1)}

, obtained by running the Pham-Zakharov density-increment argument one dimension lower through a projective normalization, hence

F(N)=N^{1/5+o(1)}

number theoryA0680632 sources

declared openerdos:176

Let

N(k, \ell)

be the least

N

such that every

f : [N] \to \{-1, 1\}

has a

k

-term arithmetic progression

P

with

|\sum_{n \in P} f(n)| \ge \ell

. In particular, is

N(k, 2) \le C^k

additive combinatoricsarithmetic progressionsdiscrepancypossible3 sources

declared solvederdos:320

Let

S(N)

count the distinct values of

\sum_{n\in A} 1/n

over

A\subseteq\{1,\dots,N\}

. Estimate

S(N)

number theoryunit fractionsA0722072 sources

declared openerdos:336

h(r)

is the maximal finite exact order attainable by an additive basis of order at most

r

, what is

\lim_{r \to \infty} h(r)/r^2

? The candidate proof identifies the sharp limit

1/3

number theoryadditive basispossible2 sources

declared provederdos:380

Erdős problem 380

number theoryA070003 · A388654 · A387054 · A3891003 sources

declared openerdos:451

Let

n_k

be the least integer greater than

2k

for which

\prod_{i=1}^k (n_k - i)

has no prime factor in

(k, 2k)

. How rapidly must

n_k

grow?

number theoryA3866203 sources

declared openerdos:514

For a transcendental entire function, how fast can

|f(z)|

be forced to grow along a path to infinity, and how short can such a path be in terms of the maximum modulus

M(r, f)

analysisN/A4 sources

declared disprovederdos:543

Erdős problem 543

number theorygroup theorypossible3 sources

declared openerdos:550

Let

m_1\leq\cdots\leq m_k

and

n

be sufficiently large. If

T

is a tree on

n

vertices and

G

is the complete multipartite graph with vertex class sizes

m_1,\ldots,m_k

, prove that

R(T,G)\leq (\chi(G)-1)(R(T,K_{m_1,m_2})-1)+m_1

graph theoryramsey theoryN/A4 sources

declared openerdos:584

Must every graph with

n

vertices and

\delta n^2

edges contain large subgraphs in which every two edges lie on specified short cycles? A dense high-girth construction refutes the statement when

\delta

may shrink with

n

graph theorycyclesN/A2 sources

declared solvederdos:603

Erdős problem 603

combinatoricsset theoryN/A3 sources

declared proved (Lean)erdos:610

Erdős problem 610

graph theorypossible4 sources

declared openerdos:654

n

planar points have no four concyclic, must some point determine

(1 - o(1))n

distinct distances? Failing that, can one always force more than

(1/3 + c)n

geometrydistancespossible3 sources

declared openerdos:662

Among sufficiently large one-separated planar point sets, does the triangular lattice maximize the number of distances below each threshold? Explicit rational oblique lattices beat the triangular lattice under several closed- and strict-shell readings.

geometrydistancesN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:670

Erdős asked whether every

n

-point set in Euclidean space whose pairwise distances are mutually at least 1 apart must have diameter at least

(1+o(1))n^2

. Disproved: an explicit high-dimensional construction beats the conjectured constant.

geometrydistancesN/A2 sources

declared open · $250erdos:671

For triangular arrays of nodes

a_i^n\in[-1,1]

let

\mathcal{L}^nf

be the Lagrange interpolation polynomials of a continuous

f

, with fundamental polynomials

p_i^n

. Is there a choice of nodes such that for every continuous

f

there is some

x

where

\limsup_n \sum_i\lvert p_{i}^n(x)\rvert=\infty

and yet

\mathcal{L}^nf(x) \to f(x)

? Is there a choice with

\limsup_n \sum_i\lvert p_{i}^n(x)\rvert=\infty

for every

x

, yet for every continuous

f

some

x

has

\mathcal{L}^nf(x)\to f(x)

? Both questions are claimed resolved in the affirmative.

analysisN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:684

For the least

k

at which the small-prime part of

\binom{n}{k}

exceeds

n^2

, how large can

f(n)

be?

number theoryprimesbinomial coefficientsA392019 · possible3 sources

declared solvederdos:690

Erdős problem 690

number theorypossible4 sources

declared solved (Lean)erdos:696

Erdős problem 696

number theorydivisorspossible4 sources

declared openerdos:709

How long must an interval be to contain distinct representatives

x_i

, with

a_i \mid x_i

, for every

n

-element set of moduli

A = \{a_1, \dots, a_n\}

number theorypossible2 sources

declared openerdos:731

Let

A(n)

be the least positive integer not dividing

\binom{2n}{n}

. Erdos asked for the behaviour of

A(n)

for reasonable

n

. Under an explicit dyadic-regularity formalization of reasonable, the distribution is determined on dyadic intervals against the scale

F_X = \sqrt{2}(\log 2)^{1/4} L^{1/4} \exp\sqrt{(\log 2)L}

with

L = \log(2X)

number theorybinomial coefficientsA0061974 sources

declared openerdos:768

Let

A(x)

count

n \le x

such that every prime

p \mid n

has a divisor

d > 1

n

with

d \equiv 1 \pmod p

. Erdos asked whether

A(x)/x = \exp(-(c+o(1))\sqrt{\log x}\log\log x)

. It does, with

c = 1/(2\sqrt{\log 2})

number theoryA001034 · A3522873 sources

declared proved (Lean)erdos:793

Let

F(n)

be the largest

A\subseteq\{1,\dots,n\}

with

a\nmid bc

for distinct

a,b,c\in A

. Is

F(n)=\pi(n)+(C+o(1))\,n^{2/3}(\log n)^{-2}

for some constant

C

number theorypossible3 sources

declared openerdos:856

Let

k\geq 3

and

f_k(N)

be the maximum of

\sum_{n\in A}\frac{1}{n}

over all

A\subseteq\{1,\ldots,N\}

containing no

k

subsets with the same pairwise least common multiple. Estimate

f_k(N)

. The claimed answer:

f_k(N)=(\log N)^{\gamma_k+o(1)}

, where

\gamma_k

is a weighted generalization of the Tang-Zhang sunflower capacity.

number theorypossible3 sources

declared solvederdos:858

Erdős problem 858

number theoryprimitive setsN/A4 sources

declared provederdos:863

Erdős problem 863

number theorysidon setsadditive combinatoricsN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:866

Estimate the least excess

g_k(N)

forcing

k

integers whose pairwise sums all lie in a dense subset of

\{1, \dots, 2N\}

; in particular, determine the positive variant

h_4(n)

number theoryadditive combinatoricspossible5 sources

declared openerdos:870

Let

k\geq 3

and

A

be an additive basis of order

k

. Does there exist a constant

c=c(k)>0

such that if

r(n)\geq c\log n

for all large

n

(where

r(n)

counts representations of

n

as a sum of at most

k

elements of

A

) then

A

must contain a minimal basis of order

k

? The claimed answer is no, for every

k\geq 3

number theoryadditive basisN/A3 sources

declared solvederdos:896

Erdős problem 896

number theorypossible3 sources

declared solvederdos:948

Erdős problem 948

number theoryramsey theoryN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:953

What is the largest possible measure of a subset of a radius-

R

disk in

\mathbb{R}^2

containing no pair of points at a positive integer distance? A Poisson-Bessel kernel argument gives

M(R) \ll R^{1/2}

; with Sárközy's lower construction,

M(R) = R^{1/2 + o(1)}

geometrydistancesN/A3 sources

declared disprovederdos:960

Erdős problem 960

geometrypossible3 sources

declared provederdos:986

Erdős problem 986

graph theoryramsey theoryA000791 · A0594423 sources

declared openerdos:1032

Do arbitrarily large 4-chromatic edge-critical graphs exist with minimum degree bounded below by a positive constant times the number of vertices?

graph theorychromatic numberpossible3 sources

declared openerdos:1039

For

f(z) = \prod_{i=1}^n (z - z_i)

with all

|z_i| \le 1

, let

\rho(f)

be the radius of the largest disc contained in

\{z : |f(z)| < 1\}

. Is

\rho(f) \gg 1/n

? The worst case is now known to be

\Theta(1/n)

, with the explicit bound

\rho(f) \ge (\log 2)/n

analysisN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:1040

For a closed infinite set

F \subseteq \mathbb{C}

, let

\mu(F)

be the infimum of

|\{z : |f(z)| < 1\}|

over monic polynomials with zeros in

F

. Is

\mu(F)

determined only by the transfinite diameter of

F

analysisN/A3 sources

declared solvederdos:1089

Erdős problem 1089

geometrydistancespossible3 sources

declared solvederdos:1091

Erdős problem 1091

geometrychromatic numberN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:1151

Let

\mathcal{L}^nf

be the Lagrange interpolation polynomials of a continuous

f

on the Chebyshev nodes. Prove that, for any closed

A\subseteq [-1,1]

, there exists a continuous function

f

such that

A

is the set of limit points of

\mathcal{L}^nf(x)

analysispolynomialsN/A3 sources

declared provederdos:1153

Erdős problem 1153

analysispolynomialsN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:1177

For a finite forbidden triple system

G

, what exact uncountable chromatic cardinalities occur among

G

-free triple systems, and how do those spectra interact? The revised manuscript answers the three exact-cardinal questions and claims a complete spectrum dichotomy.

set theorychromatic numberhypergraphsN/A3 sources

declared openerdos:1186

What is the minimum asymptotic density

\delta_k

of monochromatic

k

-term arithmetic progressions in every two-colouring of

\{1, \dots, n\}

? The exact certificate gives

\delta_3 = 117/2192

, matching the known 548-bead colouring.

additive combinatoricsarithmetic progressionspossible2 sources

declared openerdos:1189

For irreducible covering sets of size

k

, determine their count, the possible largest modulus, the maximal reciprocal sum, and whether divisor-set examples occur infinitely often.

number theorycovering systemspossible2 sources

declared solvederdos:1195

Erdős problem 1195

number theorypossible3 sources

declared disproved (Lean)erdos:1197

Erdős problem 1197

analysisN/A5 sources

declared solvederdos:1202

Erdős problem 1202

number theoryprimespossible3 sources

declared provederdos:1217

Erdős problem 1217

number theorydivisorsprimitive setsN/A3 sources

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